|  ISSN: 2757-6116

Original article | Journal of Innovative Research in Teacher Education 2022, Vol. 3(2) 94-112

The effect of STEM training practices developed for children on scientific process skills

Özge Savaş & Perihan Tuğba Şeker

pp. 94 - 112   |  DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/jirte.2022.464.3   |  Manu. Number: MANU-2204-04-0007.R1

Published online: September 13, 2022  |   Number of Views: 115  |  Number of Download: 674


Abstract

This study was conducted to examine the effect of STEM education training practices developed for preschool children by the researcher on scientific process skills. The research is in the form of a quasi-experimental study. The research group consists of preschool children studying in the preschool classrooms of a primary school in 2020-2021. In the research, the "Preschool Scientific Process Skill Test " developed by Sahin, Yıldırım, Sürmeli, and Güven (2018) and the "General Information Form" developed by the researcher were used as data collection tools. At the beginning of the research, a pre-test was applied to each participant after obtaining the necessary permissions. STEM education training activities developed by the researcher were applied to the children in the experimental group during the research process; the daily education flow specified in the 2013 Preschool Education Program continued for the children in the control group.  Independent groups T-Test was performed to reveal the difference between pre-test and post-test scores; paired sample T-Test was conducted to see if there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of experimental and control groups. T-Test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to see the effect of demographics on scientific process skills. According to the results of the analyses, no significant difference was found between pre-test scores; however, a significant difference was observed between post-test scores in favor of the experimental group. It was concluded that the developed STEM training practices positively affect the children's scientific process skills.

Keywords: Early childhood, STEM, scientific process skills, preschool


How to Cite this Article?

APA 6th edition
Savas, O. & Seker, P.T. (2022). The effect of STEM training practices developed for children on scientific process skills . Journal of Innovative Research in Teacher Education, 3(2), 94-112. doi: 10.29329/jirte.2022.464.3

Harvard
Savas, O. and Seker, P. (2022). The effect of STEM training practices developed for children on scientific process skills . Journal of Innovative Research in Teacher Education, 3(2), pp. 94-112.

Chicago 16th edition
Savas, Ozge and Perihan Tugba Seker (2022). "The effect of STEM training practices developed for children on scientific process skills ". Journal of Innovative Research in Teacher Education 3 (2):94-112. doi:10.29329/jirte.2022.464.3.

References

    Abanoz, T. (2020). STEM yaklaşımına uygun fen etkinliklerinin okul öncesi dönem çocuklarının bilimsel süreç becerilerine etkisinin incelenmesi [The examination of the impact of science education activities based on STEM approach on preschool term children’s science process skills]. (Doctoral dissertation), Gazi University, Ankara. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  20/01/2022.

    Akçay, S. (2018). Robotik Fetemm uygulamalarının fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının akademik başarı, bilimsel süreç becerileri ve motivasyon üzerine etkileri [The effects of robotic Fetemm applications on academic achievement, scientific process skills and motivation of pre-service science teachers]. (Master dissertation), Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022.  

    Akçay, B. (2019). STEM etkinliklerinin anaokuluna devam eden 6 yaş çocukların problem çözme becerilerine etkisi [The effect of STEM activities on the problemsolving skills of 6 aged preschool children]. (Master dissertation), Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022.

     Akdağ, F. T., & Güneş, T. (2015). Enerji konusunda yapılan STEM uygulamaları ile ilgili Fen Lisesi öğrenci ve öğretmen görüşleri [Science High School student and teacher opinions about STEM applications on energy]. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 3(5), 1643-1656. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.337238

    Akgündüz, D., Aydeniz, M., Çakmakçı, G., Çavaş, B., Çorlu, M., Öner, T., & Özdemir, S. (2015). STEM eğitimi Türkiye raporu: “Günümüz modası mı yoksa gereksinim mi?” [STEM education Turkey report: “Today's fashion or necessity?”]. İstanbul: Scala.

    Akman, B., Üstün, E., & Güler, T. (2003). 6 yaş çocuklarının bilim süreçlerini kullanma yetenekleri [6-year-old children's ability to use science processes]. Journal of Hacettepe University Education Faculty, 24(24), 11-14. Retrieved from   http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/makaleler/848-published.pdf Access Date: 20/10/2021

    Alabay, E. (2013). Sciencestart destekli fen eğitim programının 60-72 aylık çocukların bilimsel süreç becerilerine ve bilimsel tutuma güvenme ve yönelme etkisi [The effect of Sciencestart supported science education program on science process skills and scientific attitude of 60-72 month old children and their orientation]. Doctoral Dissertation, Selçuk University, Konya. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022. 

    Alabay, E., & Özdoğan, İ. M. (2018). Okulöncesi çocuklara dış alanda uygulanan sorgulama tabanlı bilim etkinliklerinin bilimsel süreç becerilerine etkisinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the effect of inquiry-based science activities applied to preschool children on scientific process skills]. Trakya University Journal of Education, 8(3), 481-496. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/trkefd/issue/37181/312655 Access Date: 20/10/2021

    Alan, B. (2017). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının bütünleşik öğretmenlik bilgilerinin desteklenmesi: STEM uygulamalarına hazırlama eğitimi [Supporting pre-service science teachers' integrated teaching knowledge: preparation training for STEM applications]. (Master dissertation), Fırat University, Elazıg. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022. 

    Alan, Ü. (2020). Okul öncesi dönem çocuklarına yönelik geliştirilen STEM eğitimi programının etkililiğinin incelenmesi [Examining the effectiveness of the STEM education program developed for preschool children]. (Doctoral dissertation), Hacettepe University, Ankara. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/02/2022. 

    Altan, E. B., & Üçüncüoğlu, İ. (2018). Fen bilimleri öğretmen adayları için STEM odaklı laboratuvar uygulamaları etkinliği: sağlıklı yaşam modülüne yönelik değerlendirmeler [STEM-focused laboratory practices activity for science teacher candidates: evaluations for the healthy life module]. Uluslararası Beşeri Bilimler ve Eğitim Dergisi, 4(9), 329-347. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/566901 Access Date: 20/10/2021.

    Anlıak, Ş., & Dinçer, Ç. (2005). Farklı eğitim yaklaşımları uygulayan okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarına devam eden çocukların kişiler arası problem çözme becerilerinin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of interpersonal problemsolving skills of children attending preschool education institutions that apply different educational approaches.]. Journal of Ankara University Educational Sciences Faculty, 38(1), 149-166. Retrieved from https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/yayin/detay/62067/ Access Date: 20/10/2021.

    Aquilar, N. A. (2016). Examining the integration of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in preschool and transitional kindergarten (TK) classrooms using a social-constructivist approach. (Master dissertation), Mills College. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/docview/1799589223  Access Date: 20/10/2021.

    Ata-Aktürk, A. (2019). Development of a STEM based engineering design curriculum for parental involvement in early childhood education. (Doctoral dissertation), Orta Doğu Technical University, Ankara. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/02/2022.

    Atik, A. (2019). STEM etkinliklerinin bilimsel süreç becerileri üzerine etkisi: 5 yaş örneği [The effect of STEM activities on science process skills: 5 year old sample]. (Master dissertation), Trabzon University, Trabzon. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/02/2022.

    Aygen, M. B. (2018). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının bütünleşik öğretmenlik bilgilerinin desteklenmesine yönelik Stem uygulamaları [Stem training activities for supporting integrated teacher knowledge of science teacher candidates]. (Master dissertation), Fırat University, Elazığ. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022.

    Ayvacı, H. Ş. (2010). Okul öncesi dönem çocuklarının bilimsel süreç becerilerini kullanma yeterliliklerini geliştirmeye yönelik pilot bir çalışma [A pilot study aimed at improving pre-school children's ability to use scientific process skills]. Necatibey Faculty of Education Electronic Journal of Science & Mathematics Education, 4(2), 1-24. Retrieved from  https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/balikesirnef/issue/3371/46524  Access Date: 20/10/2021.

    Bagiati, A., & Evangelou, D. (2018). Identifying engineering in a PreK classroom: An observation protocol to support guided project-based instruction. In Early engineering learning (pp. 83-111). Springer, Singapore.

    Bal, E. (2018). FeTeMM (Fen, Teknoloji, Mühendislik, Matematik) etkinliklerinin 48-72 aylık okulöncesi çocuklarının bilimsel süreç ve problem çözme becerileri üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi [Examination of the effect of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) activities on the scientific process and proble solving skills of 48-72 month old preschool children]. Master Dissertation, Marmara University, İstanbul. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022.

    Binkley, M., Erstad, O., Herman, J., Raizen, S., Ripley, M., Miller-Ricci, M., & Rumble, M. (2012). Defining twenty-first century skills. In Assessment and teaching of 21st century skills (pp. 17-66). Springer, Dordrecht.

    Brenneman, K., Stevenson-Boyd, J., & Frede, E. C. (2009). Math and science in preschool: Policies and practice. Preschool Policy Brief, 19, 1-12.

    Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2010). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (5. bs.) [Scientific research methods]. Ankara: Pegem.

    Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods]. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.

    Büyüktaşkapu, S. (2010). 6 yaş çocuklarının bilimsel süreç becerilerini geliştirmeye yönelik yapılandırmacı yaklaşıma dayalı bir bilim öğretim program önerisi [A science curriculum proposal based on a constructivist approach to develop the science process skills of 6-year-old children]. Doctoral Dissertation, Selçuk University, Konya. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022.

    Büyüktaşkapu, S., Çeliköz, N., & Akman, B. (2012). Yapılandırmacı bilim eğitimi programı’nın 6 yaş çocuklarının bilimsel süreç becerilerine etkisi [The effect of constructivist science education program on science process skills of 6-year-old children]. Education & Sciences, 37(165), 276-292. Retrieved from http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/1296/428 Access Date: 20/10/2021.

     

    Chittleborough, G. D., Treagust, D. F., Mamiala, T. L., & Mocerino, M. (2007). Students’ perceptions of the role of models in the process of science and in the process of learning. Research in Science & Technological Education, 23(2), 195-212.  https://doi.org/10.1080/02635140500266484

    Choi, Y., & Hong, S. H. (2013). The Development and application effects of steam program about world of small organisms' unit in elementary science. Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education, 32(3), 361-377. https://doi.org/10.15267/keses.2013.32.3.361

    Chou, C.-P., & Bentler, PM (1995). Predictions and tests in structural equation modeling. In Hoyle, R.H. (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: concepts, problems and applications (pp. 37-55). Sage Publications, Inc.

    Christenson, L. A., & James, J. (2015). Building bridges to understanding in a preschool classroom: A morning in the block center. YC Young Children, 70(1), 26. Retrieved from https://www.naeyc.org/resources/pubs/yc/mar2015/preschool-block-center Access Date: 21.01.2022.

    Civelek, P., & Akamca, G. Ö. (2018). The effect of outdoor activities on scientific process skills of preschool children. Kastamonu Education Journal, 26(6), 2011-2020.  https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.2297

    Cotabish, A., Dailey, D., Robinson, A., & Hughes, G. (2013). The effects of a STEM intervention on elementary students' science knowledge and skills. School Science and Mathematics, 113(5), 215-226.  https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12023

    Creswell, J. W. (2017). Araştırma deseni nitel, nicel ve karma yöntem yaklaşımları [Research design qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approaches], Selçuk Beşir Demir. Ankara: Eğiten.

    Çepni, S., Ayas, A., Johnson, D., & Turgut, M. F. (1997). Fizik öğretimi [Physics teaching]. Ankara: MEB.

     Çilengir-Gültekin, S. (2019). Okul öncesi eğitimde drama temelli erken STEM programının bilimsel süreç ve yaratıcı düşünme becerilerine etkisi [The effect of drama-based early STEM program on scientific process and creative thinking skills in preschool education]. Master dissertation, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022.

    DeJarnette, N.K. (2012). America’s children: Providing early exposure to STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) initiatives. Education, 133(1), 77-84. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ996974 Access Date: 10/01/2022.

    Donnelley-Smith, A. R. (2018). Self-Efficacy of early childhood teachers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (Doctoral dissertation), Brandman University. Retrieved from  https://digitalcommons.umassglobal.edu/edd_dissertations/223?utm_source=digitalcommons.umassglobal.edu%2Fedd_dissertations%2F223&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages   Access Date: 10/01/2022.

    Durkin, A. (2018). Can providing young children with opportunities to participate in STEM activities encourage cooperative learning. (Doctoral dissertation), Hofstra University. Retrieved from https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhDT........69D/abstract Access Date: 10/01/2022.

    Duygu, E. (2018). Simülasyon tabanlı sorgulayıcı öğrenme ortamında FeTeMM eğitiminin bilimsel süreç becerileri ve FeTeMM farkındalıklarına etkisi [The effect of STEM education on scientific process skills and STEM awareness in a simulation-based inquiry learning environment]. (Master dissertation), Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022.

    Ekici, F. Y., Bardak, Ö. G. M., & Zadeh, Ö. G. M. Y. (2018). Erken çocukluk döneminde STEM [STEM in early childhood]. In Kırkıç, K. A. & Aydın, E. (eds.), Merhaba STEM: yenilikçi bir öğretim yaklaşımı [Hello STEM: An innovative teaching approach] (pp. 51-78). Konya: Eğitim.

    Erdoğan, S. Ç., & Baran, G. (2005). Erken çocukluk döneminde matematik [Mathematics in early childhood]. Education & Sciences, 28(130), 454-485. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/keg.8984

    Floreal, R. (2019). Teachers and leaders working together towards STEM integration: An early childhood school based case study. Doctoral Dissertation, Northeastern University, Boston. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/2234808749?accountid=15310 Access Date: 12/01/2022.

     

    Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2011). How to design and evaluate research in education. New York: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.

    Gonzalez, H. B., & Kuenzi, J. J. (2012). Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education: A primer. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42642.pdf

    Gökbayrak, S., & Karışan, D. (2017). STEM temelli labaratuar etkinliklerinin fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının STEM farkındalıklarına etkisinin incelenmesi [Investigating the effect of STEM based laboratory activities on preservice science teacher’s STEM awareness]. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(4), 4275-4288.  http://doi:10.14687/jhs.v14i4.5017

    Günşen, G., Fazlıoğlu, Y., & Bayır, E. (2018). Yapılandırmacı yaklaşıma dayalı bilim öğretiminin 5 yaş çocuklarının bilimsel süreç becerilerine etkisi [The effect of science teaching based on constructivist approach on science process skills of 5-year-old children]. Journal of Hacettepe Univeristy Education Faculty, 33(3), 599-616. http://doi:10.16986/HUJE.2018036552 

    Gürkan, T. (2000). Okul öncesi eğitimin tanımı, kapsamı ve önemi, Okul öncesi eğitimin ilke ve yöntemleri [Definition, scope and importance of pre-school education, principles and methods of pre-school education]. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Açıkögretim Fakültesi Yayınları.

    Hynes, M., Portsmore, M., Dare, E., Milto, E., Rogers, C., Hammer, D., & Carberry, A. (2011). Infusing engineering design into high school STEM courses. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/ncete_publications/165  Access Date: 15/01/2022.

    Kandemir, E. M., & Yılmaz, H. (2012). Öğretmenlerin üst düzey bilimsel süreç becerilerini anlama düzeylerinin belirlenmesi [Determination of teachers' understanding of high-level scientific process skills]. Western Anatolia Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(5), 1-28. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/39532 Access Date: 20/01/2022.

    Karamustafaoğlu, S., & Kandaz, U. (2006). Okul öncesi dönemde fen etkinliklerinde kullanılan öğretim yöntemleri ve karşılaşılan güçlükler [Teaching methods and difficulties encountered in science activities in pre-school period]. Journal of Gazi Education Faculty, 26(1), 65-81. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/gefad/issue/6754/90810 Access Date: 20/03/2022.

    Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods], Ankara: Nobel.

    Kavak, T. (2019). STEM uygulamalarının 4. Sınıf öğrencilerinin fen ve teknolojiye yönelik tutumlarına, bilimsel süreç ve problem çözme becerilerine etkisi [The effect of STEM applications on 4th grade students' attitudes towards science and technology, scientific process and problem solving skills]. (Master dissertation), Fırat University, Elazığ. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022.

    Kazakoff, E. R., Sullivan, A., & Bers, M. U. (2013). The effect of a classroom-based intensive robotics and programming workshop on sequencing ability in early childhood. Early Childhood Education Journal, 41(4), 245-255.

    Kıldan, O., & Pektaş, M. (2009). Erken çocukluk döneminde fen ve doğa ile ilgili konuların öğretilmesinde okulöncesi öğretmenlerinin görüşlerinin belirlenmesi [Determining preschool teachers' views on teaching science and nature-related subjects in early childhood period]. Journal of Kırşehir Education Faculty, 10(1), 113-127. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1494913 Access Date: 12/11/2021.

    Kuru, N., & Akman, B. (2017). Okulöncesi dönem çocuklarının bilimsel süreç becerilerinin öğretmen ve çocuk değişkenleri açısından incelenmesi [Examination of preschool children's scientific process skills in terms of teacher and child variables]. Education & Sciences, 42(190), 269-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2017.6433

    Malone, KL., Tiarani, V., Irving, KE, Kajfez, R., Lin, H., Giasi, T., & Edmiston, B. W. (2018).  Engineering design challenges in early childhood education: their impact on students' cognition and interest. Journal of European STEM Education, 3(3), 11.  https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/3871

     

    Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (2016). STEM Eğitim Raporu. http://yegitek.meb.gov.tr/STEM_Egitimi_Raporu.pdf [15.02.2021].

    Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, (2018). 2023 Eğitim Vizyonu Belgesi [2023 Education Vision Document]. https://2023vizyonu.meb.gov.tr/doc/2023_EGITIM_VIZYONU.pdf

    Moomaw, S., & Davis, J. A. (2010). STEM comes to preschool. YC Young Children, 65(5), 12-16. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/openview/849e0b687fd2e97eec102b6c42694498/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=27755 Access Date: 22/10/2021.

    Moore, T. J., Stohlmann, M. S., Wang, H. H., Tank, K. M., Glancy, A. W., & Roehrig, G. H. (2014). Application and integration of engineering in K-12 STEM education.  Purdue University Publications.

    Öcal, S. (2018). Okul öncesi eğitime devam eden 60-66 ay çocuklarına yönelik geliştirilen STEM programının çocukların bilimsel süreç becerilerine etkisinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the effect of the STEM program developed for 60-66 months old children attending pre-school education on children's scientific process skills. (Master dissertation), Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022.

    Özbilen, A. G. (2018). Teacher views and awareness on Stem education. Scientific Educational Studies, 2(1), 1-21. Retrieved from  https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/457135 Access Date: 15/01/2022.

    Özkan, B. (2015). 60-72 Aylık çocuklar için bilimsel süreç becerileri ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi ve beyin temelli öğrenmeye dayanan fen programının bilimsel süreç becerilerine etkisi [Developing the science process skills scale for 60-72 months-old children and the effect of a science program based on brain-based learning on science process skills]. (Master dissertation), Marmara University, İstanbul. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022.

    Partnership for 21st Century Skills (P21). (2019). Partnership for 21st century skills. Retrieved from https://www.battelleforkids.org/networks/p21/21st-century-learning-exemplar-program Access Date: 21.04.2021.

    Park, M. H., Dimitrov, D. M., Patterson, L. G., & Park, D. Y. (2016). Early childhood teachers’ beliefs about readiness for teaching science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 15(3), 275-291. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X15614040

    Park, D. Y., Park, M. H., & Bates, A. B. (2018). Exploring young children’s understanding about the concept of volume through engineering design in a STEM activity: A case study. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 16(2), 275-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10763-016-9776-0

    Roehrig, G. H., Moore, T. J., Wang, H. H., & Park, M. S. (2012). Is adding the e enough? Investigating the impact of K‐12 engineering standards on the implementation of STEM integration. School Science and Mathematics, 112(1), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2011.00112.x

    Swaid, S. I. (2015). Bringing computational thinking to STEM education. Procedia Manufacturing, 3(2015), 3657-3662. http://doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.761

    Şahin, F., Güven, İ., & Yurdatapan, M., (2011). Proje tabanlı eğitim uygulamalarının okul öncesi çocuklarında bilimsel süreç becerilerinin gelişimine etkisi [The effect of project-based education practices on the development of scientific process skills in preschool children]. Journal of Marmara University Atatürk Education Faculty, 33(33), 157-176. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/maruaebd/issue/358/1982 Access Date: 21/10/2021.

    Şahin, F., Yıldırım, M., Sürmeli, H., & Güven, İ. (2018). Okulöncesi öğrencilerinin bilimsel süreci becerilerinin değerlendirilmesi için bir test geliştirme çalışması [A test development study to evaluate the scientific process skills of preschool students]. Science, Education, Art and Technology Journal (SEAT Journal), 2(2), 124-138. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/624953 Access Date: 21/10/2021.

    Tan, M., & Temiz, B. K. (2003). Fen öğretiminde bilimsel süreç becerilerinin yeri ve önemi [The place and importance of scientific process skills in science teaching]. Journal of Pamukkale University Education. 13(1), 89-101. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/114823 Access Date: 21/02/2022.

    Tao, Y. (2019). Kindergarten teachers’ attitudes toward and confidence for integrated STEM education. Journal for STEM Education Research, 2(2), 154-171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41979-019-00017-8

    Tippett, C. D., & Milford, T. M. (2017). Findings from a pre-kindergarten classroom: Making the case for STEM in early childhood education. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 15(1), 67-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10763-017-9812-8

    Uludağ, G. (2017). Okul dışı öğrenme ortamlarının fen eğitiminde kullanılmasının okul öncesi dönemdeki çocukların bilimsel süreç becerilerine etkisi [The Effect of using out-of-school learning environments in science education on preschool children's science process Skill]. (Doctoral dissertation), Hacettepe University, Ankara. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022.

    Ünal, M. (2019). 4-6 yaş okul öncesi çocuklarına etkinlik temelli STEM eğitiminin bilimsel süreç becerilerine etkisinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the effect of activity-based STEM education on scientific process skills of preschool children aged 4-6]. (Master dissertation), Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022.

    Üstündağ, K. (2019). Montessori yönteminin okul öncesi dönemdeki çocukların bilimsel süreç becerilerine etkisinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the Effect of Montessori method on preschool children's science process skills]. (Master dissertation), Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022.

    Vurucu, C. (2019).  Erken çocukluk döneminde bilim ve mühendislik uygulamalarının öğrencilerin bilimsel süreç becerilerine, karar verme ve problem çözme becerilerine etkisi [The effect of science and engineering practices in early childhood on students' scientific process skills, decision making and problemsolving skills]. (Master dissertation), Marmara University, İstanbul. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022.

    Yağcı, M. (2016). Okul öncesi dönem çocuklarının bilimsel süreç becerilerinin gelişmesinde doğa ve çevre uygulamalarının etkisinin incelenmesi [Examination of the effects of nature and environmental practices on the development of scientific process skills of preschool children]. (Master dissertation), Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/  22/01/2022.

    Yıldırım, B., & Altun, Y. (2015). STEM eğitim ve mühendislik uygulamalarının fen bilgisi laboratuar dersindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi [Examining the effects of STEM education and engineering applications in science laboratory course]. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering, 2(2), 28-40. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/56981 Access Date: 22/01/2022.

    Yıldırım, B., & Selvi, M. (2017). Stem uygulamaları ve tam öğrenmenin etkileri üzerine deneysel bir çalışma. Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama [An experimental study on the effects of Stem applications and mastery learning. Theory and Practice in Education], 13(2), 183-210. https://doi.org/10.17244/eku.310143

    Yıldırım, B., & Selvi, M. (2018). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin STEM uygulamalarına yönelik görüşlerinin incelenmesi [Examination of secondary school students' views on STEM applications]. Journal of Social Sciences of Mus Alparslan University, 6(STEMES’18), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.471037

    Yılmaz, A., Gülgün, C., & Çağlar, A. (2017). 7. Sınıf öğrencilerine “Kuvvet ve Enerji” ünitesinin STEM uygulamaları ile öğretimi: Paraşüt, sujeti, mancınık, akıllı perde ve hidrolik iş makinesi (kepçe) yapalım etkinliği [Teaching the "Force and Energy" unit to 7th grade students with STEM applications: Let's make a parachute, waterjet, catapult, smart curtain and hydraulic work machine (bucket) activity]. Journal of Current Researches on Educational Studies, 7(1), 97-116. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/670815 Access Date: 21/11/2021.